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red colobus
Red colobuses are Old World monkeys of the subgenus ''Piliocolobus'' in the genus ''Procolobus''. Some authors elevate ''Piliocolobus'' to a full genus, limiting ''Procolobus'' to the olive colobus. They are closely related to the black-and-white colobus monkeys (genus ''Colobus''), and some species are often found in groups with the blue monkey.〔Ghiglieri, Michael. ''East of the Mountains of the Moon: Chimpanzee Society in the African Rain Forest,'' The Free Press, 1988, pg. 238.〕 The western red colobus is frequently hunted by the common chimpanzee.〔(Ebola Cote d'Ivoire Outbreaks )〕
The members of this subgenus are found in western, central and eastern Africa, and the species have largely allo- or parapatric distributions. Most are restricted to humid forests, but the Zanzibar red colobus prefers coastal thickets and scrub. Red colobuses are primarily arboreal and are highly sensitive to hunting and habitat destruction, and have been referred to as probably the most threatened taxonomic group of primates in Africa.〔Mittermeier, R. A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Rylands, A. B., Williamson, L., Oates, J. F., Mbora, D., Ganzhorn, J. U., Rodríguez-Luna, E., Palacios, E., Heymann, E. W., Kierulff, M. C. M., Yongcheng, L., Supriatna, J., Roos, C., Walker, S., & Aguiar, J. M. (2007). ''Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2006–2008.'' Primate Conservation 2007 (22): 1-40〕 If following the taxonomic treatment advocated in ''Mammal Species of the World'',〔 all species except the Central African red colobus are assessed by the IUCN as Endangered or Critically Endangered.〔IUCN 2008. ''(2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. )'' Downloaded on 12 September 2011.〕
==Social behavior==
Groups often establish a dominance hierarchy determined by aggressive behavior. Food, grooming, and sexual partners are distributed amongst higher-ranking individuals initially, followed by lower-ranking individuals.〔Mbora, D. N. M., & Meikle, D. B. (2004). Forest fragmentation and the distribution, abundance and conservation of the tana river red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus). Biological Conservation, 118(1), 67-77.〕 They live in large troops which can number up to 80 individuals, the average being somewhere around 20 to 40 monkeys. These groups tend to have more females than males at a 2:1 ratio. The few male monkeys in the troop usually stay with their original group, but the females have a tendency to move together in small numbers, probably in close familial relationships, between troops. Red colobus monkeys have overlapping ranges with other troops. Interactions between troops can be either tense, though passive, or violent, with one troop trying to supplant the other. These fights are usually based on a number of factors including physical condition, fighting ability, and the number of males in the opposing troop. Females are also known to take part in these competitions for dominance, and often fight together. Mother-infant bonds among the red colobus are quite strong, as they are with most primates. The mothers are usually reluctant to allow other females from their troop to carry their babies. This may be owing to the fact that many of the females in a troop are not related as they move between groups quite frequently.
Another remarkable behavior occurs when red colobus monkeys reach their restless and somewhat nomadic adolescence. This period is when the young monkeys leave their natal troops and look for another troop to join. This is not easy, as most troops are very suspicious and can get deadly when new monkeys try to join. The red colobus monkeys have adapted their behavior by joining troops of green monkeys that are near the potential red colobus troops that they wish to join, and living amongst them in order to spy on their potential new families. In one notable case, an adolescent male red colobus spent two years with a green monkey troop in order to spy in safety on a prospective troop in this manner.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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